Hnub ci hlwb, tseem hu ua "solar chips" lossis "photovoltaic cells", yog cov ntawv photoelectric semiconductor uas siv lub hnub ci los tsim hluav taws xob ncaj qha. Ib lub hnub ci cell tsis tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha los ua lub zog. Raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, ntau lub hnub ci hnub ci yuav tsum tau txuas nrog hauv series thiab sib npaug thiab nruj nreem ntim rau hauv cov khoom.
Lub hnub ci vaj huam sib luag (tseem hu ua lub hnub ci cell module) yog ib qho kev sib dhos los ntawm ntau lub hnub ci. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob.
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog tias lub hnub ci ci rau ntawm lub semiconductor pn hlws ris los tsim lub qhov tshiab-electron khub. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws xob teb ntawm pn hlws ris, qhov ntws los ntawm cheeb tsam n mus rau thaj tsam p, thiab electrons ntws los ntawm thaj av p mus rau thaj tsam n. Tom qab ntawd thaum lub voj voog qhib, ib qho tam sim no raug tsim. Qhov no yog li cas photoelectric effect solar cells ua haujlwm.
Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag yog khaws cov hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hloov los ntawm cov khoom siv hnub ci hauv lub roj teeb ntawm ib sab, thiab tswj cov roj teeb pob kom muab lub zog rau cov khoom siv thauj khoom ntawm qhov tod tes. Yog tias AC lub zog xav tau hauv cov khoom siv thauj khoom, DC lub zog yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau AC lub zog los ntawm inverter. Raws li lub zog xav tau ntawm cov cuab yeej siv, nws tuaj yeem tso tawm qhov sib txawv xws li 12V / 24V / 36V / 48 V / 220V kom tau raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob xav tau ntawm ntau yam khoom siv. Lub kaw lus txhim khu kev qha thiab ruaj khov, thiab tuaj yeem ua tau raws li ntau qhov chaw ua haujlwm sab nraum zoov hnyav.